Dinamika Pendidikan Islam Pada Masa Khulafaur Rasyidin: Analisis Historis Terhadap Perkembangan Ilmu Dan Pembelajaran

Abstract

The Rashidun period (11–41 AH/632–661 CE) is often regarded as the continuation of Islamic education after the death of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), yet many studies present it as a caliph-by-caliph description and rarely distinguish the strength of the underlying evidence. This article analyses continuity and change in Islamic education under the four caliphs, focusing on the preservation of the Qur’an, the transmission of hadith, learning content and methods, and institutions for spreading knowledge. It employs a descriptive qualitative method with a historical approach through library research on scholarly journal articles, analysed through source criticism, thematic grouping, and historical interpretation. The review indicates that learning underAbu Bakr largely continued the Prophetic pattern, while territorial expansion under Umar encouraged the placement of teachers in new regions. Under Uthman, the standardisation of the Qur’anic codex responded to differences in recitation across a widening territory, which differs from the collection of the Qur’an underAbu Bakr. Hadith transmission tended to be restricted and verified. Evidence for educational practice underAli is more limited and must be read against political conflict. The article concludes that education in this period developed informally and unevenly across regions, and that each caliph’s contribution should be distinguished between what is supported by sources and what is a reconstruction in secondary literature.