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Abstract

Learning and instruction are fundamental concepts in educational studies. Different theories explain learning through behavioral change, information processing, knowledge construction, self-development, and social observation. This article examines the meanings of learning and instruction, discusses major learning theories, and brings them into dialogue with the Islamic view of human beings as pedagogical creatures. The study employs qualitative library research and descriptive-critical analysis. The discussion draws on major works in educational theory, the Qur’an, exegesis, and studies of human nature in Islamic education. The analysis indicates that learning is a process of change and development through experience and interaction, while instruction is a deliberate effort to facilitate that process. Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, humanism, and social learning theory offer complementary explanations of learning mechanisms. From an Islamic perspective, these mechanisms should be oriented toward tawhid, responsibility, and moral development. Modern learning theories can therefore be used selectively while remaining attentive to the nature and aims of Islamic education.