Politik Pembiayaan Pendidikan Islam Dinasti Abbasiyah: Systematic Literature Review Tentang Sumber Dana, Kendali Negara, Dan Dampak Intelektualnya

Abstract

Studies of Islamic education during the Abbasid Dynasty have generally highlighted educational institutions and prominent scholars, while the relationship between political authority and education financing remains relatively underexplored. Yet the intellectual progress of the period cannot be separated from a financing system supported by state policy. This study examines the forms and sources of education financing, the role of political authority in managing and controlling it, and its impact on educational access and Islamic intellectual development. It employs a qualitative approach using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method following the PRISMA stages. Of 57 articles identified through Google Scholar, Sinta, and Scopus, seven articles and one main book met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed descriptively, historically, and analytically. The findings show that education was financed through the Baitul Mal, waqf, and public donations, managed in a structured manner by political authorities. Political authorities regulated the distribution of educational resources, supported the establishment of institutions, supervised the use of funds, and guided scholarly development, leaving the financial autonomy of educational institutions limited. These policies led to the growth of centers of learning, the emergence of multidisciplinary scholars, and an integrative Islamic intellectual tradition shaped by the bayani, burhani, and irfani approaches. The study concludes that Islamic intellectual progress in the Abbasid period resulted from a synergy between political stability, education financing governance, and state support for the advancement of knowledge.