Analisis Dampak Mikroplastik Terhadap Ekosistem Perairan

Abstract

Microplastics have become one of the most significant environmental pollutants due to their widespread presence in aquatic ecosystems and their potential impacts on aquatic organisms and human health. This study aims to analyze the development of research on the impacts of microplastics on aquatic ecosystems using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. Relevant studies published between 2015 and 2025 were collected from Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The literature selection process followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, resulting in 42 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The findings indicate that the primary sources of microplastics are domestic waste, single-use plastic packaging, synthetic textile fibers, industrial activities, and fisheries. Microplastics have been widely distributed in rivers, lakes, estuaries, marine environments, sediments, and various aquatic organisms. The most frequently reported impacts include digestive system disorders, reduced growth and reproduction, oxidative stress, tissue damage, and behavioral changes in aquatic organisms. Furthermore, microplastics can adsorb hazardous contaminants that may undergo bioaccumulation and biomagnification throughout the food chain, ultimately posing risks to human health. The review also reveals a substantial increase in microplastic-related research over the past decade. However, significant research gaps remain regarding the long-term effects on human health, the standardization of analytical methods, and the evaluation of policy effectiveness for microplastic pollution control. Therefore, integrated mitigation strategies, including reducing single-use plastics, improving waste management systems, implementing the Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3R) principle, developing biodegradable materials, strengthening environmental regulations, and enhancing public awareness, are essential to reduce microplastic pollution and protect aquatic ecosystems.