Analisis Pemikiran Politik Islam Pada Masa Khulafaur Rasyidin An Analysis Of Islamic Political Thought During The Era Of The Rashidun Caliphs

Abstract

The death of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) raised fundamental questions about legitimacy and the continuity of leadership in the Muslim community. This study aims to analyze Islamic political thought during the era of the Rashidun Caliphs, namely Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib. It employs a qualitative approach using library research and descriptive-historical analysis of Al-Bidayah wan Nihayah and a number of scholarly journal articles. The findings show that Abu Bakr laid the foundation of legitimacy based on shura and consolidated the unity of the community through the Riddah wars and the compilation of the Qur’an; Umar strengthened state administration, law, and social justice by establishing the diwans and organizing the Bayt al-Mal; Uthman reorganized provincial administration and the economy and standardized the Qur’anic codex, despite facing accusations of nepotism; and Ali affirmed the supremacy of law, substantive justice, and moral integrity amid internal conflict. In conclusion, classical Islamic politics was dynamic rather than monarchical and understood power as a trust to be accounted for morally, socially, and spiritually.